In The Same Sense

ANATHEMA, n.; Gr., L. A thing given over to evil; that pronouncement by which the Church declares a person to be out of her communion, particularly because of the denial of a truth of faith; an excommunication.

anathema (Gr. ἀνάθημα). In the proper sense it meant something vowed to God, votive offerings (ex vote) hung in the temples, from ἀνατίθημι — I put on, I hang (cf. Jud. 16:19; 2 Mac 9:16; Luke 21:5). But in the Septuagint the word anathema generally translates the Hebrew חֵרֶם, a thing or person destined to destruction by God. In the New Testament it conserves the Hebrew meaning with a slightly distinct nuance: thins oe person struck by God’s malediction and intended for ruin(cf. 1 Cor. 12:3; 16:22; Rom. 9:3; Gal. 1:8-9).

In ecclesiastical language, it appears for the first time in the Council of Helvira (305) with a not-well-defined meaning. Later in the canons of Laodicea and Chalcedon, anathema adds to excommunication the idea of a special curse which aggravates the penalty of separation from the Church. In the Decretales anathema corresponds to major excommunication, fulminated in the most solemn manner. In current discipline, it is no more than excommunication inflicted with those external solemnities contained in the Pontificale Romanum (cf. CIC, canon 2257). Anathema, in actual Church discipline, is the term used for ipso facto excommunication incurred by those denying a solemnly defined truth, as is concluded principally from the dogmatic canons of the Council of Trent and the Vatican Council: “If anyone denies [this truth]…let him be anathema,” i.e, excommunicated.
(Source: DDT, pp. 9-10)

ANTICHRIST, n.; Gr., L.The person or power to come before the second coming of Christ who will persecute the Church and cause many to apostasize.

Antichrist (Gr. ἀντί—χριστος — adversary of Christ). The term is John's but the concept is common also to other biblical authors (cf. Ezech.. Chs. 28-29; Dan., Chs. 7-8; Matt. 24:5, 24; Mark 13:6, 22; Luke 21:8; 2 Thess. 2:3-12; I John 2:18-22; 4:3; 2 John 7; Apoc. I1:7 f.; Chs. 13-14).

The Antichrist is, in general, aforce hostile to the person and work of Christ. The common interpretation of the Christian writers sees in the Antichrist a person distinct from Satan but sustained by him, who will manifest himself in the last days, before the end of the world, to attempt a decisive attack on and triumph over Jesus and His Church. Paul describes him as "the man of sin . . . the son of perdition, who opposeth and is lifted up above all that is called God, or that is worshipped, so that he sitteth in the temple of God, shewing himself as if he were God…. Whose coming is according to the working of Satan, in all power, and signs, and lying wonders, and in all seduction of iniquity to them that perish; because they receive not the love of the truth, that they might be saved" (2 Thess. 2:3-4, 9-10).

What thwarts the unleashing of this formidable power is a mysterious obstacle which is at the same time considered in the abstract as a force, or in the concrete as a person. The precise identification is difficult and varies among scholars. Among modern exegetes the opinion according to which the Antichrist is not a person, but a collectivity, is gaining ground: the Antichrist signifies the agents of anti-Christianity in all times. St. John speaks of "many Antichrists" who recognized neither Jesus nor the Father. St. Paul says that the mystery of iniquity is already at work; only now someone is holding him back, until he is removed (2 Thess. 2:7). If the obstacle is always in action and is already fighting the Antichrist, this means the Antichrist too must be in existence continually. But it may be noted that the obstacle impedes the manifestation of the Antichrist, not his personal work. The Antichrist will reveal himself in the last phase of the anti-Christian struggle which rages in all times and is slowly preparing the apparition of the "son of perdition" at the end of time.
(DDT, pp. 14-15)

ANTIPOPE, n.; Gr., L. A false, rival claimant to the Papacy. A pretender to the See of the Bishop or Rome.

APOSTATE, n.; Gr., L. One who possessed the Catholic faith and has rejected it entirely; also, one who apostasizes from Church obedience, or from the religious or clerical state.

One who after baptism,...falls away entirely from the Christian faith. (CIC 1917, c. 1325, §2).

APOSTASY, n.; Gr., L, Defection from God through entire rejection of either one or more of the following after it had been previously accepted: (1) the Christian faith; (2) ecclesiastical obedience; (3) the religious or clerical state.

APOSTOLICITY, n.; Gr., L. That one of the four marks of the Catholic Church by which it stems from the Apostles in its doctrine, authority, and organization.

apostolicity (mark of the Church). The fourth and last characterizing mark or property which the Nicene-Constantinople Creed attributes to the true Church of Christ.

Like the other three marks of the Church, it issues from the intimate nature of the Church itself. Since the Church is humanity organized socially in Christ, that is, hierarchically in Peter and the "college" of the Twelve, apostolicity is the backbone of its constitution, the guarantee of its continuity, and the condition of its fruitfulness.

Holy Scripture attests that Christ established His Church on the rock of Peter and the foundation of the Apostles (Matt. 16:18-19; Eph. 2:20; Apoc. 21:54), and the history of the nascent Church, narrated in the Acts, shows us the Apostles at work, preaching a doctrine transmitted by the Master, applying the means of salvation instituted by Him, and exercising the authority derived from Him. The then appoint successors for themselves with the same aims and purposes of teaching, sanctifying, and governing.

Apostolicity implies, therefore, a legitimate continuity of succession to the chair occupied by Peter and the apostolic "college," with the keeping of the same doctrine, of the same sacraments, and the same authority. We may imagine it as the uninterrupted relay of the popes (successors ofPeter) and of the bishops (successors of the Apostles), transmitting each to the next one, throughout the ages, the torch of the same faith, the chalice of the same blood of Christ, the pastoral rod of the same authority. "Like the first branches of a tree do not die, but renew themselves and extend themselves, spreading their vital force into the new part, so it is in the Church through the succession of the pastors (bishops). In it, the episcopacy renews itself from time to time, but only by diffusion and prolongation of the apostolic life. The apostolicity of the Church is not for us, therefore, a remote or a passing fact, but something ever present, because today too the life of the Church comes from Christ into the Apostles, from the Apostles into their legitimate successors, and from them into us" (Card. Capecelatro).

A distinction is made between formal apostolicity, described above, and material apostolicity. This last means apostolic origin but with a lack of legitimate continuity, in so far as it is separated from Peter living in the Roman pontiff, to whom the bishops are subject just as the Apostles in their time were to Peter. The schismatic Oriental Church, styled the "orthodox" church, has only material apostolicity.
(DDT, pp. 18-19)

ARIANISM, n. The heresy originated by Arius (d. 336) denying the consubstantiality of God the Son with God the Father, consequently a denial of the true and eternal Godhead of Christ.

BAPTISM, n.; Gr., L, (1) A sacrament instituted by Christ by which through the infusion of grace original sin is taken away, and administered by the pouring of water on the head and saying: "I baptize thee in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost," and by which act one enters into the Church of Christ. There are three means of Baptism for gaining salvation: (a) Baptism of water which is performed by the act of pouring water. (b) Baptism of desire is the act of perfect love of God which suffices for adults in good faith if the formal baptism with water is impossible. (c) Baptism of blood, i.e.,martyrdom which also forgives the effects of sin and remits the temporal penalties of sin.

Baptism is a necessary sacrament. It remits all sins — original and actual, may be given to all human beings, is ordinarily performed by a priest but in a case of necessity may be given by any person who has attained the use of reason. The matter of the sacrament is the washing with water; the form is the words "I baptize thee, etc."(2) Ceremonies of blessing church bells or ships were formerly called "baptisms."

BAPTISMAL WATER, n.; Gr., L. Water blessed on Holy Saturday and the vigil of Pentecost in the baptismal font by the priest and into which oil of catechumens and chrism is poured. This water must be used in administering solemn Baptism.

BLASPHEMY, n.; Gr., L. Any word or act insulting to God or to holy things. It is a sin against religion and may be aimed directly at God, or indirectly by contempt for His Church, His saints, or sacred persons or things.

CALUMNY, n.; L., Fr. A falsehood directed against the reputation of a person. Restitution must be made in as far as possible, (Cf. Slander, Detraction.)

CANON LAW, n.; Gr., L., A.S. The name attached to that body of rules or laws for the direction of all faithful in matters of faith and conduct. It is that group of laws prescribed to Christians, i.e., baptized persons, by the authority of the Church regarding faith, morals, and discipline. Today we follow the Code (Codex Juris Canonici) promulgated by Pope Benedict XV on May 27, 1917; its binding force began in full on May 19, 1918 The Code is divided into five books: the first is introductory; the second treats of persons as affected by the law; the third treats of things, such as sacraments and sacramentals and the temporal affairs of the Church; the fourth gives the laws governing ecclesiastical procedure; the fifth deals with crimes and their penalties.

CANONIZATION, n.; Gr., L. The decree of judgment and the declaration of that judgment by the Church, given in a Papal bull, that a particular person lived a life of virtue in the heroic degree, that the prescribed number of miracles have been attested and proven, and that the person may be universally venerated and honored by the faithful as a saint.

CATHOLIC, adj. and n.; Gr., L. (1) Universal; the word was applied from very early ages to the True Church and today is recognized as the name of the Church. (2) A member of the Roman Catholic Church.

CATHOLICISM, n.; Gr., L. The religion teaching the faith and morals revealed to man by God.

CATHOLICITY, n.; Gr., L. (1) Universality. (2) That one of the four marks of the Catholic Church according to which the Church extends to all times and peoples, and teaches all the truths necessary for salvation.

CATHOLIC ACTION, n.; Gr., L. The acts of the laity in the liturgy, prayer, conversion, and work of the Catholic hierarchy upon approval and under the direction of the bishop. Work to advance the cause of Christ in temporal and spiritual matters, first, in ourselves, second, in our families, and third, in the associations of our social life.

CENSURE, n.; L., Fr. A spiritual and reforming penalty imposed by the Church on a baptized person for the correction of an offense. The censure deprives that one of spiritual advantages or benefits connected with spiritual matters. Absolution from censures is governed in accordance with the offense and the penalty attached; thus it may be reserved to one in authority, to the bishop, or to the Pope. In danger of death, any priest can absolve from all censures. (Cf. Reserved cases.)

CHARACTER, n.; Gr., L. In theological usage, a spiritual mark imprinted upon the soul by the reception of the sacraments of Baptism, Confirmation, and Holy Orders.

CHRISTIAN, Gr., L. In earliest times the name applied to a follower of Christ. Later used as (1) a term designating one who possessed a belief in Christ; (2) a Catholic; (3) a baptized person.

CHURCH OF CHRIST, n. The Catholic Church. The body of Christian; who profess the faith of Christ and believe in all the teachings of Jesus Christ, use the same means of grace, the Sacraments, and of the same authorities, their pastors united under one visible head, the Pope who is the representative of Christ on earth; that Church instituted by Christ with infallible authority under the visible head, the Pope; the Church which has all four of its marks: One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic.

CHURCH MILITANT, n.; L., Fr., Those members of the Catholic Church living on earth; so named because those members are "fighting" to attain salvation, they are the "soldiers of Christ"; the living members of the Mystical Body of Christ; all living Christians.

CHURCH SUFFERING, n. The souls in Purgatory forming part of the Mystical Body of Christ; the poor souls.

CHURCH TRIUMPHANT, n. The souls in heaven; the saints forming part of the Mystical Body of Christ. The Church Militant, Suffering, and Triumphant form the Communion of Saints.

DAMNATION, n.; L. Eternal separation of a human being from God; condemnation to hell in punishment of mortal sin.

DEPOSIT OF FAITH, a.; L. The sum total of revealed truth given by Christ to His Church; truths guarded by the Church and taught infallibly. The truth of Christ said by the Council of Trent to exist in both written books (SS. and in unwritten traditions.)

DEVELOPMENT (OF DOCTRINE), n.; L., Fr. The more clear or more explicit formulation or expression of a belief contained in the deposit of faith; a clarification or defining of some tenet of belief.

DISCIPLINE, n.; L. (1) In its first meaning it is instruction; or also that which is taught; it ordinarily means the rules or order observed in a community or by a group of persons. In Church legislation it is used to refer to the laws which govern the faithful in their actions. (2) It has also come to be applied to acts of mortification, su ch as scourging, which one voluntarily inflicts upon himself; used in the sense "to take the discipline." (3) In recent years it is being substituted in Roman usage for the term "rite" as applied, for example,to the terms "The Roman discipline"—"The Oriental discipline."

DISSIDENT, adj.; L. Name applied to Churches of the East, either schismatic or heretical, to distinguish them from Catholic groups. (Cf, Eastern Churches.)

DOCTRINE, n.; L. That which is taught; a collection of dogmas of some truth of faith.

DOGMA, n.; Gr., L. In religion a truth found in the word of God, either written or unwritten, and proclaimed by the Church for the belief of the faithful; a revealed truth.

DOGMATIC THEOLOGY, adj.; Gr., L. The science of Christian dogma; the system of teaching or propounding the doctrines of the Church as a whole or individually as they stand in relation to one another. The systematic teaching of the doctrines of faith; the application of philosophy to religious tenets. The scientific treatment of the relationship between faith and reason.

ECCLESIA, n.; Gr., L. The Church of Christ; a church; a word borrowed from the Latin and Greek languages and applied to a church.

ECUMENICAL, adj.; Gr., L. Also Oecumenical. A council for the universal Church to which all bishops and others entitled to vote are called from the entire world to gather under the Pope or his legates to determine the interpretation of doctrines or laws for the Church. The decrees of such a council, after papal sanction, apply to the universal Church and bind in conscience.

ENCYCLICAL, n.; Gr., L. A letter addressed by the Holy Father to all bishops in communication with the Holy See to inform them of certain measures or for the general instruction of the faithful under their care.

EXCOMMUNICATION, n.; L. A censure imposed by the authority of the Church depriving one of the sacraments, excluding one from divine services, prayers of the Church, Christian burial, and canonical rights. There are two classes of excommunicates: (1) Tolerati, or those whom the faithful are not obliged to avoid; (2) Vitandi, or those with whom the faithful are forbidden to commune either in religious or civil matters.

FACULTY, n.; L., Fr. (1) The group of professors, lecturers, and teachers educating students. (2) The grant of authority from an ecclesiastical superior to perform legally some act of jurisdiction or ceremony. The Jurisdiction granted to a duly ordained priest by the bishop of the diocese validly to hear confessions.

FAITH, n.; L., 0.Fr. The act of spiritual and intellectual assent to a revenled truth of God with the assistance of divine grace. The theological virtue of faith. The assent is of the intellect and is based upon the authority of God, and has for its object every truth revealed by Him.

FAITHFUL, n.pl.; L., O.Fr. Those persons who profess their faith; all those who are members of the Church by baptism and profession of faith.

FORUM, n.; L. A place of public assembly, or any public meeting; a tribunal. In canon law, forum refers to the exercise of jurisdiction over the faithful. The internal forum or the forum of conscience refers to the private good of the faithful and governs their private actions as individuals in their relation to God, while the external forum refers to the common or public good of the faithful, and governs their social actions, in as much as they are members of the Church.

GENESIS, n.; Gr., L. The first book of the Bible, written by Moses and telling of the creation of the world and man and the revelation to the chosen people.

GOD, n.; A.S. The Supreme Being who owes His existence to no other, who is absolutely and infinitely perfect and who has created all things; the eternal Spirit who created and rules the universe and in whom is every perfection, and who is simple and immutable in His spiritual substance. The three persons of the Blessed Trinity: God the Father, God the Son, God the Holy Ghost — three Persons in one God.

GOOD FAITH. A phrase used in allusion to the holding of an erroneous belief, that is objectively untrue, due to invincible ignorance. Thus one may sincerely believe the errors of an heretical sect and be saved. Generally, such an honest state of mind should be corrected, except when prudence demands silence for the sake of a greater good, private or public. Good faith is also necessary to prescription (Can. 1512) .-C.E.; Slater, Manual of Moral Theology, N. Y., 1908.

GRACE, n.; L. Specifically, grace is a supernatural gift freely given by God to rational creatures to enable them to obtain eternal life. Generally, however, all tliat one receives as free gifts from God may be termed graces or favors.

Grace may be sanctifying or actual; sanctifying grace is permanent in the soul and elevates the soul by its very presence there and is called habitual grace; all infused virtues accompany habitual grace.

Sanctifying grace, adj.; L., 0 Fr. A divinely produced quality or perfection of the human soul whereby it participates in the nature and life of God and is made to resemble Him as He is; it elevates man's nature to be like God and hence to think as God thinks and to will as He wills. It is absolutely necessary for salvation. (Cf. Grace, Habitual grace.)

Habitual Grace, adj. & n.; L. An infused, permanent quality residing in the soul. Since habitual grace is in the soul and sanctifies and makes the soul like to God, it is called sanctifying grace. This perfects the soul, makes one an adopted son of God and the temple of the Holy Ghost, and bestows upon one the title of eternal life. (Cf. Grace; Sanctifying grace.)

Actual Grace, adj. & n.; L. The internal gift of God to the soul which after the manner of a motion influences the will and understanding, lasting as long as the action for which it is given lasts. Actual grace may be that which excites the mind to act, or it may be that which assists the mind to complete an action already begun. (Cf. Grace.)

HEAVEN, n.; A.S. The place of bliss and happiness where God will manifest His glory to all who are saved and where they will see God; the place and state of perfect happiness. Where it is, is not known, except that it is outside of and beyond the earth.

HELL, n.; A.S. The place and state of eternal punishment for all who die in mortal sin; the place of the devil and evil spirits. The natural and necessary consequences of the absence of sanctifying grace and the love of God through grievous sin on the soul at death. A place where the damned suffer the pain of loss and of sense.

HERESY, n.; Gr., L. Originally a division among Christians; the false doctrine or false interpretation of true doctrine; formal heresy is a grievous sin; it is a rebellion against God.

HERETIC, n.; Gr., L. One who professes a false doctrine; one who seeks the end of Christian truth but fails in the means because he refuses belief in one of the Articles of Faith; one who originates a sect based upon false doctrine.

HIERARCHY, n.; Gr. Collectively it means officials according to their rank and with each rank subordinate to the one above it in order; in the Catholic Church it means collectively the organization of clerics into rank and order of position. In popular usage the bishops of a country as a group.

HOLY ORDERS, n.; A.S. The Traditional Sacrament of Holy Orders conferring the power of priesthood and giving grace for the performance of sacred offices. The diaconate, priesthood, and Episcopacy are contained in the traditional sacrament and are called Major Orders. (Cf. Orders, Holy.)

HOLY SEE, A.S. The Sovereign Pontiff together with the Roman Congregations, Tribunals, and offices through which he transacts the affairs of the universal Church.

HYPERDULIA, n.; Gr., L. The highest kind of saint-worship which is paid to the Blessed Virgin because of her singular privileges of sanctity surpassing all creatures. (Cf. Cultus.)

IDOLATRY (i-doll-a-tree), n.; Gr., L. Worship of idols; the giving to a person or thing the divine worship which is due to God alone.

IMAGE (OF GOD), n.; L. Man is made like to God (Gen. 1:2(1); this likeness is not of bodily shape but is evident in the soul, intellect, and free will of man which distinguish man from the animal, and it is also evident in the body because man was made to rule over all lower creatures.

INDEFECTIBILITY, n.; L. The fact that the Church in its faith and morals and its infallible interpretation will remain unchangeable until the end of time.That attribute of the Church by which it will remain until the end of time essentially the same as it was established by Christ.

By this term is signified, not merely that the Church will persist to the end of time, but further, that it will be preserved unimpaired in its essential characteristics. The Church can never undergo any constitutional change, which will make it, as a social organism, something different from what it was originally. It can never become corrupt in faith or in morals; nor can it ever lose the Apostolic hierarchy, or the Sacraments through which Christ communicates grace to men. (Catholic Encyclopedia, 1917)

INDULT (APOSTOLIC), n.; L., Fr. A temporary or personal favour granted by the Holy See to a group or to an individual; a dispensation from a law for a particular case.

INFALLIBITY, n.; L. The prerogative of the Church as a teacher by which, being guided by the Holy Ghost, when she actively teacher revealed truths, she is protected from error or the possibility of error; infallibility also extends to those matters which are very closely connected with revealed truths and which the Church also as an authoritative teacher may pronounce upon. It is also a prerogative of the Pope when he speaks as head of the Church on a matter of faith or morals. (Cf.Cathedra, 3.)

As man’s life is one but derives from the soul and is diffused through all the body, so infallibility is diffused and circulates in the whole Church, both in the teaching Church and in the learning Church, but dependently on the head. (Parente, Dictionary of Dogmatic Theology, pp. 142-43).

The Church absolutely cannot err, neither in matters absolutely necessary, nor in others which must be believed or proposed that we must do, whether they are expressly held in scriptures or not... [By this we mean] that which all bishops teach as pertaining to the faith necessarily is true and de fide.

~ St. Robert Bellarmine (1588). On the Controversies of the Christian Faith against the Heretics of this Time, Second Tome. Mediatrix Press: Post Falls, ID. (trans. Grant, R., 2017), p. 320.

If all bishops would err, the whole Church would also err, because the people are held to follow their own pastors, by what Our Lord says in Luke "He who hears you hears Me" (Luke 10) and "whatsoever they say, do" (Mat. 23).

~ St. Robert Bellarmine (1588). On the Controversies of the Christian Faith against the Heretics of this Time, Second Tome. Mediatrix Press: Post Falls, ID. (trans. Grant, R., 2017), p. 325.

INSPIRATION (of Scripture), n.; L. The supernatural direction or guidance through which a writer of Scripture received matters to be written as God wished; the grace of making record of truths predetermined in the mind of God; that positive divine influence upon the intellect, will, and faculties of the writer of Sacred Scripture whereby he wrote only and all of those things God willed, without fear of substantial error; that impulse and guiding of the writer by the Holy Ghost, said of all Sacred Scripture.

INTENTION, n.; L., Fr. (1) In the administration of a sacrament, the purpose or will of the one administering to do what the Church desires and convey to the recipient the grace of the sacrament; the purpose or will of the one administering a sacrament; the habitual or virtual willing to do a thing as it is meant to be done. (2) The purpose or end for which a religious act is performed, e.g., the intention of the celebrant at Mass.

IRREGULARITY, n.; L., Fr. A canonical impediment forbidding a person from becoming a cleric or from attaining a higher office in clerical rank or from ex- ercising his office. Irregularities may be from defect of the individual: (1) Illegitimates; (2) persons bodily deformed; (3) epileptics or insane persons; (4) persons who have been married twice; (5)persons under infamy of law; (6) a judge who has imposed a death sentence or one who has been an executioner. Irregularities may also be from crime: (1) Apostates, heretics, and schismatics; (2) those who voluntarily accepted non-Catholic baptism; (3) persons entering a civil marriage while the first marriage still binds or while they are in Holy Orders or under a religious vow; (4) those who have committed voluntary homicide or procured abortion; (5) those who attempt suicide or have mutilated themselves; (6) clerics practicing medicine or surgery when forbidden, should death follow from their practice; (7) persons performing acts reserved to clerics in Holy Orders while not being in that order themselves.

JUDGMENT, n.; L. (1) An act of the intellect which compares two ideas and determines whether or not they agree or disagree. It is called a moral judgment when the intellectual act is concerned with the goodness or badness of an action. (2) The passing of sentence by a judge.

(3) General Judgment — This will take place when Christ will judge all men; the last day when all men will be judged and rewarded with heaven or hell. The manner of this judgment is not known nor the place where it will occur, but theologians hold that the minds of men will be enlightened by God to see their faults and that the sins of all will be declared that God's justice and mercy may be seen. A sentence will be given to each person. The Last Judgment.

(4) Particular Judgment — The judgment by God of the soul of man immediately after death; the judgment which will declare the soul blessed or damned or confined to Purgatory for a length of time. It is called the particular judgment, but this merely indicates that it will be the individual judgment of the soul by God immediately after death.

JURISDICTION, n.; L., O.Fr. Jurisdiction in the Church means primarily the public power of the Church to govern the faithful and to direct them to the supernatural end of the Church; it is primarily a power over persons, and secondarily over things; as such it may be exercised in either the internal or external forum. The power of administration attached by ecclesiastical law itself to some position or office. Jurisdiction may be delegated with limitations of time and broadness of power to another person who is competent of receiving it. (Cf. Forum.)

JUSTICE, n.; L. In its broadest sense the aggregate of all supernatural virtues or the perfection of every virtue; this is the sense used in the saying "Joseph was just." Justice in its particular sense means the virtue moving us to give to each person his due or his right. It is a cardinal virtue.

JUSTIFICATION, n.; L. The sanctification of the soul of man by God's grace which elevates; the perfection of the soul; it normally begins with the grace of faith which leads to repentance. This grace is not merited and assists the free will to dispose itself to the acquiring of perfection, but in adults acts of cooperation such as contrition, faith, etc., are necessary. It is the regaining of sanctifying grace by a soul; the regaining of the friendship of God; having the state of never having lost sanctifying grace.

KEYS (POWER OF), n.pl; A.S. A term used to show the superior ecclesiastical authority of the Pope. The keys are the symbol of the office and power of the Pope and also of the Sacrament of Penance. (Matt. 16:19.)

LAICIZATION, n.; L. (1) Reduction of ecclesiastical persons or things to a non ecclesiastical or lay condition by Church authority. (2) The appropriation of Church property by civil authorities contrary to the rights of the Church.

LAMENTABILI, n.; L. Decree of the Holy Office condemning heretical propositions of Modernism, issued in 1907, so called from the first word in the Latin version.

LAST DAY, adj.; A.S. The day when the created world will come to an end; the day of the General Judgment; the day when signs will be given to denote the end of the world, as in Matt. 24 and Luke 21.

LAST THINGS, adj.; A.S. Death, judgment, heaven, and hell are said to be the last things; the eschatology. (Cf. Eschatology.)

LATRIA, n.; Gr., L. The highest form of worship and which can be offered to God alone; the sacrifice of the Traditional Latin Mass is the chief act of latria.

LAW, n.; A.S. The rule of reason by which a person is moved to act or restrained from acting. In the Church this has the meaning of an action which ought to follow upon recognition of a precept, but the action need not always take place, because the person is free and can refuse obedience. In moral theology the necessity which follows upon law is called moral necessity.

LICEITY, n.; L. In moral and canonical language, the lawfulness of a good or indifferent act. The term goes further than external legality in the sense that it denotes also the absence of sin or moral guilt in those who perform the act.

LIMBO, n.; L. The place where the just who died before man's redemption by Christ were retained. It is also that place wherein the souls of unbaptized infants live in a happy eternity. Literally, threshold of the nether world.

LITURGY, n.; Gr. (1) The worship of God by the Church, comprising the offering of the Sacrifice of the Mass, the recitation, of the Divine Office, and the administration of the sacraments. (2) In Eastern Churches, the Mass. Originally, a public service; in the early days it was applied to the solemn service of the Church. The liturgy is: (a) all forms or rites and services in any language in the Church in celebrating the Eucharist; (b) the rites, official services, ceremonies, prayers, sacraments of the Church, as opposed to private worship.

LOCI THEOLOGICI, n.pl.; L. Literally, "theological places or "sources." The sources of theological arguments; the scientific and philosophical arguments used in presenting theology. They are: (1) the authority of Sacred Scripture; (2) the authority of traditions, of both Christ and the Apostles; (3) the authority of the Catholic Church; (4) the authority of the Councils of the Church; (5) the apostolic authority of the Roman Church; (6) the authority of the ancient Fathers; (7) the authority of the scholastic theologians and canonists; (8) of natural reason; (9) the authority of the philosophers; 10) the authority of human history.

MAGISTERIUM, n.; L. The authority of the Church, by divine appointment, to teach the truths of religious belief; the commission of the Church to teach; the teaching office of the Church; the teaching and interpreting of the doctrines of faith carried on by the Church through the Pope and bishops and those commissioned by them. It may be ordinary when a doctrine is proclaimed throughout the Church as part of divine revelation; or extraordinary when a general council defines a doctrine ratified by the Pope or when the Pope speaks as the official teacher of the Church (ex cathedra) proclaiming or defining a matter of faith or morals,

MAJOR ORDERS, n.pl; L. The highest degrees of the Sacrament of Holy Orders, namely those conferred on deacons, priests, and bishops. The episcopacy is a fullness of the Sacrament; priesthood a lesser degree, and deaconship a still lesser degree. Subdeaconship became classed as a major order in the twelfth century and is probably not a sacrament although it is necessary for the reception of the Sacrament.

MARKS (OF THE CHURCH), n.pl.; A.S. The distinguishing features of the Church, namely, its unity, holiness, catholicity, and apostolicity, which declare it to be the true Church founded by Christ. It is one, i.e., it has unity as a whole because all members profess the same faith, practice the same worship, under the Pope as head, according to the will of Christ; it is holy, i.e., its purpose with that of Christ Himself is the sanctification of man; it is catholic, i.e., universal, for all men and all times; it is apostolic, i.e., it was founded by Christ on the Apostles through the Holy Ghost.

MARTYRDOM, n.; Gr.,L., A.S. The suffering of death for the Faith or for Christian virtue; the fullest exercise of the virtue of fortitude. It bestows sanctifying grace and remits all punishment due to sin.

MARTYR, n.; Gr., L., A.S. One who voluntarily suffers death for his religion and thereby gives testimony of Christ; literally a witness for Christ.

MASS, n.; L., A.S. The un-bloody Sacrifice of Calvary; the Sacrifice of the Eucharist; the highest act of worship in the Catholic Church which is offered up by the priest in the place of Christ Himself,

(1) Capitular or Chapter: The conventual Mass of a Cathedral or collegiate chapter.
(2) Conventual: A Mass celebrated daily in choir at an hour and in a manner determined by the rubrics as the principal part of the daily Sacred Liturgy in Cathedral and collegiate churches, and in the conventual churches of such Religious as are obliged to recite in choir the canonical hours.
(3) Parochial: (a) The Missa pro populo, i.e., the Mass which must be offered on certain days for the members of their parish by those who have care of souls, or the pastors. (b) The chief public Mass celebrated on days of obligation or of special public celebration in a parochial or quasi-parochial church for the benefit of the people of the parish.
(4) Public: (a) Mass celebrated in a place open to the public, a church or public oratory, (b) A Mass of obligation celebrated for some body in the Mass for a public cause, i.e., because of a public obligation or because of a public reason of charity or necessity. Hence Masses (sung or low) are "public" Masses.
(5) Private: (a) A Mass celebrated in a private place, private oratory or private house, (b) A low Mass, i.e., a Mass which is neither a High Mass nor a sung Mass. (c) A non-low. (d) A Mass which is neither sung nor conventual.(e) A Mass which is not "public" nor "parochial." (f) A Mass detached from the liturgy of the day, as a Mass on Palm Sunday at which the palms are not blessed and carried in procession, (g) A "private" Mass of the dead is one that is neither sung nor conventual nor "privileged."
(6) Votive: A Mass celebrated, for a reasonable cause, not in conformity with the office of the day, but according to the wish (votum) of the celebrant or of his superior or of the person for whose intention the Mass is being offered.

MATRIMONY, n.; L., O.Fr. The Sacrament of marriage; the lawful spiritual and bodily union between man and woman for life; the natural contract uniting a man and woman in wedlock, raised to a sacrament by Christ.

MATTER, n.;L., Fr. (1) A term applied to that part of a sacrament made up of the rites and ceremonies and the material used in administering the sacrament. (2) A term applied to that material element of a sacrament, e.g., the water in Baptism, which is essential to a sacrament. (Cf. Form.)

MEDIATRIX, n.; L. Name given to the Blessed Virgin because she, in virtue of her divine motherhood, is the channel through which all graces flow from the merits of Christ to man. The Blessed Virgin is the intercessory mediatrix. Christ alone is the Mediator between God and man.

MERIT (mer'it), n.; L, The quality which makes a free moral action deserving of reward; the reward uf a morally good action; value attached to morally good actions by God; the eternal value of acts done through the grace of God.

METAPHYSICS, n. pl.; Gr. The science which treats of being as such; science treating of that which exists precisely as it is existing. It is divided into: (a) general metaphysics or ontology which treats of being and the nature of substance, accidents, quality and quantity; (b) special metaphysics which treats of theodicy, the study of God.

MINOR ORDERS, adj.; L. The four sacramentals of: porter, lector, exorcist, and acolyte. They are received preliminary to their reception of the Sacrament of Holy Orders.

MODERNISM, n.; L. Teachings of a group of thinkers who recognize the reality of the Divine but in so doing depend on their own subjective experience; thus they condemn faith; the seeking by man to find all religion, natural and supernatural, in himself; the theory that religion is of man; men of ultra-liberal thought along scientific lines in the Church are called modernists. Modernism was an outcome of the Reformation, but in the nineteenth century it became drastically liberal and antireligious. Modernism has been condemned by the Church in pronouncements of 1907 and 1910.

MORTAL SIN, adj.; L, A morally bad human act which is grievously offensive to God; that sin which destroys charity, robs the soul of sanctifying grace, and makes it deserving of eternal punishment. (Cf. Sin.)

MORTIFICATION, n.;L. Acts of fasting or self-imposed corporal punishments performed for a pious intention and for the spiritual good of the soul; acts of temperance; works performed often despite the repugnance of the will which are in themselves good and of spiritual value; acts usually connected with some bodily pain or contrary to the ordinary wishes of a person.

MYSTICAL BODY, adj., n.; Gr., L. The members of the Church, the communion of Saints, the living and suffering and triumphant members, under the headship of Christ united in a real spiritual body by the supernatural grace of Baptism; the members receive graces to fulfill their function under the Head, Christ, for their salvation.

MYSTICISM, n.; Gr., L. The experience of direct communion with God; the interior union and intercourse of a fervent soul with God; the highest form of mental prayer; the subject of mystical theology; the understanding of the mysteries of faith. (Cf, Mystic; Contemplation.)

NATURAL LAW, n.; L, Ethical precepts implanted by God in the rational nature of man, by the fulfillment of which man tends to God as his natural end; the rational creature's participation in the eternal law of God.

NEO-SCHOLASTICISM, n.; Gr., L. Contemporary school of scholastic philosophers who emphasize the close contact philosophy should have with contemporary thought and with recent scientific findings.

NULLITY, n.; L., Fr. The fact resulting from a diriment impediment which permits a marriage to be declared invalid, which means that no marriage ever existed. The decree of nullity is the declaration of a competent ecclesiastical court that a marriage is invalid, and therefore null.

OBEDIENCE, n.; L. (1)The moral virtue by which one submits his will to the will or law of one in authority. (2) The evangelical counsel whereby one renounces his own right to act independently in order to follow Christ. (3) A vow of obedience is that vow made by a cleric or a religious in submitting himself or herself to the authority of an ecclesiastical or religious superior.

ORDINARY (OF THE MASS), n.; L. The unchangeable or practically unchangeable portion of the Mass prayers into which the "Proper" is inserted. The ordinary includes; prayers at the foot of the altar; the Kyrie Eleison; the Gloria; the prayer before the Gospel; the Creed; the Lavabo; the offering of bread and wine; the Orate, Fratres; the preface (this changes according to feasts and holy seasons); the Sanctus; the canon, with the three prayers of commemoration; the oblation; the consecration; the oblation after the elevation; the commemoration of the dead, sinners, and all nature; the Pater Noster; the Agnus Dei; the priest's communion; the communion of the people; the ablution; the blessing and the last Gospel.

ORIGINAL SIN, adj.; L. The sin which we inherit as natural descendants of our first parents; the privation of sanctifying grace propagated to man by Adam.

PAROUSIA (pa-roo-zee-a), n.; Gr. The second coming of Christ.

PASSION (OF CHRIST), n.; L. The suffering and death of our Lord and the redemption of mankind; in particular, the suffering of our Lord on Good Friday.

PENANCE, n.; L., O.Fr. (1) The Sacrament for the forgiving of sins; the Sacrament instituted by Christ for judgment of sins committed after Baptism through which remission is granted by the absolution of a duly authorized priest providing there is sorrow, intent of amendment, and a confession of sins by the penitent. It is necessary that all mortal sins be named. The power of forgiving sins given to the Apostles (John 20:23). (Cf. Absolution, Confession.) (2) Some act of mortification imposed on one confessing his sins as a condition of completely fulfilling the requirements of confession made by the confessor, usually some prayers.

POWER (OF KEYS), n.; L., O.Fr. The authority of forgiving sins conferred on the Apostles by Christ; the authority of the Church vested in the Supreme Roman Pontiff.

PRAYER, n.; L., O.Fr. An act of religion consisting of thinking about God or speaking with God; meditation; vocal prayer; the reciting of prescribed words to elevate the mind and heart to God. The acts of prayer are adoration, thanksgiving, petition, and contrition; dedication of the acts of the day to God may also be prayer.

PRESUMPTION, n.;L. An unfounded expectation of gaining salvation or the means of obtaining it; an exaggerated reliance upon means of salvation which are contrary to or other than those willed by God. It follows upon pride and leads one to expect certain favors.

PRIEST, n.; Gr., L, One upon whom the Sacrament of Holy Orders has been conferred and who is thereby a minister of divine worship; one upon whom the power of offering sacrifice, of blessing, of giving absolution, and of preaching has been conferred. (Cf. Priesthood.)

PRIESTHOOD, n.; Gr., L. A.S. The office of priest; the character marking the soul by the valid reception of the Sacrament of Holy Orders. The power to consecrate, thus to offer the Sacrifice of the Mass; the priesthood has the power to administer sacraments, forgive sins, and to bless. Also the entire body of the clergy.

RASHNESS, n.; O.Fr. A sin opposed to the virtue of prudence; doing something without due deliberation, as passing judgment without having sound basis of judging.

REAL PRESENCE, adj. & n.; L., O.Fr. The theological term used for the presence of Christ in the Blessed Sacrament under the appearances of bread and wine. (Cf. Eucharist.)

REDEEMER, n.; L. The title applied to Christ who in His life, Passion, and death made satisfaction for mankind. (Cf. Redemption.)

REDEMPTION, n.; L. The act of bringing man out of the bondage of sin and restoring him to the friendship of God; the satisfaction of divine justice. The satisfaction made to God for the fall of man by the Incarnation of the Son and His death for mankind; Christ's atonement for sin and meriting of grace through the justice and holiness of God the Father.

REFORMATION, n.; L., O.Fr. The rise in the German empire of a pseudo-reform of the Church in the early sixteenth century which resulted in the formation of so-called reformed churches or the Protestant churches of Lutheranism, Calvinism, and Anglicanism; the revolt or revolution which led to Protestantism begun by Martin Luther in the sixteenth century which destroyed the Christian unity and gave rise to various sects. It was religious, social, and political in its effect.

RELICS, n.pl.; L., O.Fr. The bodies of saints, particles of their bodies, or articles of clothing, vestments, and the like which they used during their lifetimes and which the Church venerates because of the position of the person in sanctity and virtue and because these may bring a person to the imitation of the saint; often miracles are worked by the grace and favor of God through a relic and: through the intercession of the saint whose relic is so used. To be genuine, first-class relics must be fully authenticated, that is, be accompanied by papers stating that such an object was actually a part of the body. Relics are commonly, divided into three classes. First-class relics are parts of the actual body of the saint. Second-class relics are bits of the clothing and other articles used by the saint in life. Third-class relics are objects that have been touched to the body or tomb of the saint.

RELIGION, n.; L., O.Fr. (1) The union of man with God; the active realization of man's rela- tion to God. The doctrines, precepts, and practices by which man joins himself to God. The science treating of all degrees of faith and practice. (2) The virtue by which we give to God the honor which is due Him; the performance of acts honoring' God by which we show our love for God. It is of obligation for everyone.

REPROBATION, n.; L. The state of those who will not cooperate with the grace of God for their salvation; their eternal punishment as foreseen by God who alone will Judge.

RESURRECTION, n.; L, O.Fr. Reanimation of the body by again uniting the soul and body of a person after death, (1) The historical truth and the greatest of Christ's miracles, which is the fact that He died and came to life again and which incontestabiy proves His divinity. The feast of the Resurrection or Easter. (2) The resurrection of the body of man, which means that the dead shall live again in their bodies after the general resurrection; the uniting of the dead body with the immortal soul after which the person will live in either heaven or hell.

REVEALED LAW, n.; L. The divine positive law. The doctrinal, moral, and ceremonial law promulgated by Christ the Supreme Lawgiver and contained in the New Testament of the Bible and in divine tradition (sometimes called the New Law). It also includes the power given to the Church by Christ to form ordinances necessary for discipline or divine worship, which are called ecclesiastical laws. (Cf. Eternal law.)

REVELATION, n; L. (1)The manifestation of truth to men on the part of God after the manner of a teacher; this may he recorded for all men, e.g., the revelation of Sacred Scriptures; the revealing of certain truths to individuals, called private revelations, for the spiritual good of the individual or for the particular intention of God. (2) Book of the title of the Apocalypse in Protestant versions of the Bible.

SACRAMENT, The Council of Trent defines sacrament as "a visible sign of invisible grace instituted for our justification." Simply, it is an outward sign instituted by Christ and producing interior grace; the sacrament effects what it symbolizes. There are seven sacraments: Baptism, Confirmation, Penance, Holy Eucharist, Extreme Unction, Holy Orders, Matrimony, all of which are comprised of an outward sign, were instituted by Christ, and give grace.

SACRAMENTALS, n.pl.; L. Certain pious practices or objects blessed by the Church. The blessing is attached that these may serve to increase the devotion of the faithful. Scapulars, holy water, etc., are widely used sacramentals.

SACRIFICE, n.; L., O.Fr. ; (1) An offering to God; an act of external worship recognizing God's supreme dominion and giving honor to God through the offering of a visible creature which is transformed or destroyed. The offering is made only by a qualified minister or priest. (2) It may also be applied to a voluntary act of self-denial.

SACRIFICE (OF THE MASS) n.; L,, O.Fr.; The holy Sacrifice of the Mass is: the unbloody re-enactment that makes the Sacrifice of the Cross actually present. It is and must be; held to be one and the same sacrifice which is accomplished at Mass and which was accomplished on the cross, because it is the same Victiam who is offered and offers, namely, Christ. It is the renewal of Christ's sacrifice of Himself on the cross accomplished in an unbloody manner. It is the sacrifice of the entire Christ, the Mystical Body, for Christ desires to offer Himself for us and with us. The faithful thus participate in the redemptive sacrifice of Christ by offering satisfaction with Christ and in Christ. (Cf. Mass.)

SACRILEGE, n.; L; O.Fr. An act violating a sacred person, object, or place; the violation of a vessel set apart for divine services or an act desecrating a place of divine worship. It must be directed against that by which the object is sacred. The administering or reception of sacraments in an unworthy manner is also a sacrilege and merits severe censure by the Church.

SAINT, n.; L.) O.Fr. The person who through a life of heroic virtue or martyrdom has merited the canonization of the Church; a member of the Church triumphant; a person known to be in heaven. 0ne who while on earth exemplified in a special manner not only the keeping of the necessary moral law but also the practice of those counsels left: by Christ which are of strict obligation,

SALVATION, n.; L., O.Fr. Man's proper end; the attaining of the vision of God in heaven.

SALVIFIC (sal-viff-ik), adj.; L. Having the intent to save; such is the will of God who in creating man wills that he is to be saved provided he cooperates.

SCHISM (siz-um). n.;Gr.,L. Formal separation from the unity Church, separation from communion with the Church; separation from the head of the Church or from jurisdiction of the Supreme Pontiff. The movement of any person or group of persons of the Church who refuse to recognize The central authority of the Church; a denial of the authority of the Pope of Rome.

SCHISMATIC (Siz-mat-ik), n. & adj.; Gr., L. One who of his own will departs from the unity of the Church and refuses to acknowledge a valid Roman Pontiff as the supreme head or to accept his Jurisdiction. Adj. Of or pertaining to a schism.

SCHOLASTIC, n.&adj.; Gr., L. A philosopher or theologian teaching according to the system of scholasticism. (2) adj. pertaining to scholasticism.

SCHOLASTICISM, n.; Gr., L. The thought of Christian philosophers and theologians originating in the ninth century. It developed a characteristic method of investigation and exposition of thought applied to both philosophy and theology, and showed the relationship of philosophy and theology. It reached its height in the thirteenth century, and its greatest propounder was St.Thomas Aquinas. Scholastic theology unfolds and vindicates the conclusions deduced from dogmas by theologians.

SUSPENSION, n.; L., Fr. The ecclesiastical penalty or censure imposed upon clerics for-bidding them to exercise their orders or perform the functions of their office or to accept the financial support of their benefice.

SYLLABUS, n.; L. The digest or list of errors which Pope Pius IX condemned and which was printed and circulated at his command in December of 1864; also that of Pius X, entitled "Lamentabile." of July 3, 1907, against modernism; the name applied to such a digest made by a Pope and promulgated by him.

THEISM, n.; Gr. Acknowledgment of the existence of a personal and provident God. (Cf. Theodicy.)

THEODICY, n.; Gr. The knowledge of God by human reason; natural theology. Natural theology as a branch of philosophy having for its object God, as knowable by reason; special metaphysics. (Cf. Metaphysics.)

THEOLOGY, n.; Gr. The science of religious truths which is the systematic presentation of these truths; that science which treats of the revelations of God and man's rational concepts of God and which works toward a more clear expression of these revelations and concepts; it is the science of faith; it is a discipline based on revelation and advancing by means of that revelation; it is a science which, starting from the principles of faith, treats of God and of whatever in any way pertains to Him. Theology proper is divided into dogmatic, moral, mystical, and ascetical theology.

THOMISM, n. The system and interpretation of scholastic philosophy and theology which follows the teaching of St. Thomas Aquinas; the Thomistic system of scholastic philosophy and theology.

TIARA (PAPAL), n.; Gr., L. A round three-crowned headpiece about 15 inches high shaped like a beehive, worn by the Pope and signifying his sovereignty as the head of the Church. The three crowns represent the Supreme Roman Pontiff's rule over the Church Militant, the Church Triumphant, and the Church Suffering. The Tiara is worn at the consecration of a Pope and also many non liturgical occasions.

TRADITION, n.; L., O.Fr. The handing down by word of mouth from generation to generation doctrine or truths of the faith which were not written; the testimony of early nonscriptural writings and customs by which is known the various practices, the truths of faith, the moral teaching of Christianity, and facts of the life and times of Christ; teaching of the Church transmitted orally which has been proclaimed to be correct and free from error in being handed down; a source of revelation or of faith.

TRINITY, n.; L. The three Persons in one God. The mystery whereby God, while being numerically one, exists in three divine Persons; the existence of the divine essence in three Persons, which Persons are distinct from each other and yet identical with the divine essence.

UNITY, n.; L., O.Fr. (1) Oneness; indivision. (2) Said of God because only one can possess in utter simplicity the fullness of all goodness and all perfection, one Being without limitation. (3) One of the marks of the Church, because all its members, according to the will of Christ, profess the same faith, practice the same form of worship, and are joined under a legitimate Roman Pontiff, the Pope, as the Vicar of Christ on earth and the head of the Church.

VALID, adj.; L., Fr. Founded on truth or fact; in Church law, that which conforms to conditions essential to the efficacy of a sacrament; that is, the proper rite in administration, the intention and jurisdiction of the minister, and the moral fitness and intention of the recipient.

VALIDITY, n.; L., Fr. The quality of being valid; that which fulfills all essential conditions.

VATICAN, n.; L. The independent city and state within the city of Rome which is the seat of the Church, where the Pope resides and where the household of the Vatican lives; the entire group of buildings surrounding the residence of the Pope. The name by which the Council of the Vatican held in December of 1869 is known.

VIATICUM, n.; L. Holy Communion or the Eucharist, given to persons in danger of death. Originally the word was applied to food taken on a Journey. The Viaticum may be received without fasting, and may be repeated during the time of the same illness.

VISION, n.; L., O.Fr. The actual appearance of God or angels or saints, or also the devil, to living persons.

WORSHIP, n.; A.S. Honour shown to anyone because of superior excellence. Divine worship is the adoration of and prayer to God whereby we honour Him because of His infinite excellence. Veneration is the honour given to saints because of their great excellence. (Cf. Latria, Dulia, and Hyperdulia.)

ZEAL (Gr., zeo, to boil), love in action; a vehement emotion of soul, based on deep affection, that seeks to obtain possession of the object or the person loved, and to exclude whatever might prevent or destroy such union, or harm the person loved. In the religious life, zeal is founded on the love of God and manifests itself in strong desire and ardent action to propagate the Faith, to sanctify souls, and to promote the glory of God by making Him better known, loved, and honored.